Skill Builder: Jeff Potter’s Yogurt Lab

Food & Beverage Science
Skill Builder: Jeff Potter’s Yogurt Lab

In this Skill Builder piece, Jeff Potter, author of Cooking for Geeks, discusses the friendly bacterial bio-hack known as yogurt. –Gareth

One of the great things about learning food science is the need to test everything. I say “need” because, in truth, it’s a lot of fun to geek out over the details and try various experiments that I wouldn’t normally try.

Take yogurt. Everyone is familiar with it, but how is it made? Where does it come from? (Besides the store…) Making yogurt is incredibly easy, especially once you know some of the food science background. A bunch of different types of “friendly” bacteria chow down on the lactose sugars in milk, creating lactic acid in the process. This process, called fermentation, also changes the structure of the milk, turning it into a gel.

Here’s where we get to get geeky.

You might not think of yogurt as a gel, but from a food science perspective, it is. Gels-yes, that includes Jell-O-are what a chemist would call a colloid. Colloids are combinations a gas, liquid, and solids; and in food science, they come up a lot. Liquid medium with gas bubbles? Foams. Think whipped cream. Liquid medium with other liquids mixed in (but not actually dissolved together)? Emulsions like mayonnaise and milk. And a solid object with liquid mixed in? Gels, including yogurt.

(I once had a TSA official tell me I couldn’t take yogurt with me as carryon, that it was a gel. Yeah, no getting out of that one!)

Gels, being colloids that trap liquid in a solid medium, can only hold so much liquid before that solid medium is “full.” If you’ve ever noticed some liquid resting on top of your yogurt, that’s some of the liquid in the gel weeping out. (Your local chemist will tell you this is call “syneresis.” Yes, chemists seem to have a word for everything!)

How is knowing any of this helpful in the kitchen? Once you think about yogurt as being made by bacteria breeding in milk and creating a gel, you can start asking some pretty smart questions:

  • How does temperature impact the ability of bacteria to reproduce? Does it change the ability of the gel to hold onto liquid?
  • Since there’s more than one type of bacteria, do the different types breed at different rates depending upon the temperature? Does that change the texture and flavor of the end product?
  • If the lactic acid is water soluble, and the final yogurt is a gel, does straining the yogurt to make Greek-style yogurt remove lactic acid and remove the tartness?

That’s a lot of questions, and I don’t have space to answer even half of them here. What I do have is the scientific method for going about and testing all of them, so that you can go into the kitchen to try your own experiments and see what answers you can come up with.


Straining the whey out of homemade yogurt

Let’s start by making a batch of yogurt. It’s easy enough: toss a spoonful of yogurt into a container of milk, let it sit long enough (4-8 hours) in a warm environment (100-110°F), and you’re done. The spoonful of yogurt acts as a starter; your bacteria have to come from somewhere. Given enough time at the right temperatures, they’ll multiply, do their thing, and leave you with yogurt. Super simple. (Make sure your starting yogurt says “live culture” somewhere on the container. It turns out to be really hard to revive dead yogurt bacteria…)

For us to do a more controlled experiment, we’re going to have to hold things a bit more constant. Let’s test how temperature impacts the flavor. This time, make two batches, measuring things out more precisely so that you know the two batches are identical except whatever it is you’re going to test.

Snag two quart-sized glass milk jugs. Bring a half gallon of milk to a scalding temperature (say, around 180°F), then fill each yogurt container with the milk. Once the milk has dropped down to 110°F, add one tablespoon of your starter yogurt to each container. (You need to wait until the milk has cooled down, otherwise you’ll kill the bacteria in the starter yogurt! Again, dead bacteria don’t multiple so well…) Wrap some plastic wrap over the top to keep things clean.

You should now have two virtually-identical containers. Try putting one in a warmer spot-a window sill, on top of a heating vent, in your oven (off!) with the oven light on-and the second in a slightly cooler spot. Keep tabs on the temperature of each; using a kitchen probe thermometer to measure the temperature every hour and keep notes. How do the two batches differ over time? Is one noticeably runnier than the other? Is one tangier than the other?

The great thing about experimenting with yogurt is that the process is relatively easy. Once you start thinking this way in the kitchen, learning to cook becomes a whole lot easier. Any time you’re following a recipe and not sure which way to do something, do a split A/B test. Sometimes it’s easy. With things like chocolate chip cookies, split the dough in half and add walnuts to one half, pecans to the other, then see which ones your boyfriend, girlfriend, kids or lucky beta testers prefer. Other times, doing these experiments might prove to be a bit more challenging. (Google “nerd sniping.”) Regardless, you’ll become a better cook, and besides, how many other fields can say that their data is as delicious?

One final word of warning before turning you loose on the microbial world of yogurt: there are some precautions you should take to avoid culturing the wrong kind of bacteria. Even with a huge head-start, the friendly bacteria you’ve added might get crowded out by other types of bacteria that aren’t so benevolent. For this reason, it’s common practice to scald the milk and sterilize your yogurt-making container. Is also for this reason that yogurt should be made in a warm environment, generally above 100°F. For a good write-up on yogurt making and safety, see the Making Yogurt at Home: Country Living Series.


Homemade yogurt: straining whey (top right), spoon of yogurt (center), yogurt made with honey and vanilla (bottom)

Happy Experimenting!

P.S. If you’re looking for something to do with all that yogurt after you’re done, try adding a bit of honey and mixing it with fruit. For a savory use, add herbs and spices-parsley, mint, or cumin-and use as a dip or condiment. And if it’s too runny, you can strain it: line a colander with a paper towel, place over a bowl, transfer the yogurt to the lined colander, and let rest in the fridge overnight.

More:


In the Maker Shed:
Makershedsmall
Cooking for Geeks
Jeff Potter, O’Reilly, 2010
Are you the innovative type, the cook who marches to a different drummer, used to expressing your creativity instead of just following recipes? Are you interested in the science behind what happens to food while it’s cooking? Do you want to learn what makes a recipe work so you can improvise and create your own unique dish? Author Jeff Potter has done the cubicle thing, the startup thing, and the entrepreneur thing, and through it all maintained his sanity by cooking for his friends.

32 thoughts on “Skill Builder: Jeff Potter’s Yogurt Lab

  1. Christopher Specker says:

    Mmmm, lactobacteria.  They bring us so many good things, like yogurt, aged cheese, and sauerkraut.

    This brings to mind the recent tornadoes here in Alabama, where the power was out for several days even for some of the luckier people.  I recall after a few days, I started wondering whether I could have made my milk into yogurt and kept that around rather than throwing it out when the fridge lost power.

    On that note, I’ve started wondering:  In case of large-scale disaster, what kinds of hacks are available for emergency food preservation?  For example, if I have no electricity, no ice, and possibly a limited supply of fresh water, what can I do with fish fillets or other seafood besides “get it on the grill as fast as possible”?

    1. April Johnson-Shults says:

      Re fish: “cook” it with citrus juice a la ceviche? 

    2. Anonymous says:

      Salt comes in useful, as it knocks cold water down to sub-freezing – you could have made icecream with the milk.
      Equally, vinegar and onions – soused herrings. Yummy.
      Honey, too.
      If the sun’s out, dry-cure meat.

      1. Christopher Specker says:

         Actually salt only cools water down if you still have ice.  There’s also a trade-off in that it melts additional ice while it brings the temperature down to the lower freezing point–so your ice actually melts faster.

        If a natural disaster knocks your power out anytime other than the dead of winter, I’m thinking dry-curing, dehydration, etc. will be the best options.

  2. Rau om says:

    You can also mix or blend yogurt with sugar and ice to make lassi. Adding mango or other fruit slices work too. This way, who cares if the yogurt is runny!

  3. Ilia Penev says:

    Yogurt (or Kiselo Mliako as known in Bulgaria :) ) with bannana sliced inside is brilliant.

  4. Ilia Penev says:

    Yogurt (or Kiselo Mliako as known in Bulgaria :) ) with bannana sliced inside is brilliant.

  5. Stephania Andrade says:

    Lactobacteria yummmm!
    Makes for great morning smoothies.

  6. Mark Stevenson says:

     The everydayfoodstorage.net blog just did a whole series on making your own yogurt in a crockpot (using food storage like dry milk etc…).  It was pretty interesting and she has videos that go through the whole process.  Here is a link to the post on the actual yogurt making:

    http://everydayfoodstorage.net/2011/03/22/making-homemade-yogurt-from-the-powdered-milk-in-your-food-storage-powdered-milk-food-storage-recipes/food-storage-recipes

    She also talks about maknig greek style yogurt and also yogurt cheese (can be substituted in recipes that call for cream cheese, sounds interesting).  She also has a “handout” that she made that has all of the steps and tips on it:

    http://everydayfoodstorage.net/handouts/yogurt101.pdf

    Worth checking out if you want to make yogurt at home without buying expensive yogurt makers etc…

    1. Mikey Sklar says:

       I’m with you Mark. Crockpot yogurt is super easy especially if you have a temp controller kit on it. I make it every week although I keep it raw and avoid pasteurization temps. When I get tired of drinking smoothies I’ll fry up the remainder of the yogurt like a indian cheese or make some tzatziki dip for our tempeh gyros.

      http://screwdecaf.cx/yatc.html

  7. Mark Stevenson says:

     The everydayfoodstorage.net blog just did a whole series on making your own yogurt in a crockpot (using food storage like dry milk etc…).  It was pretty interesting and she has videos that go through the whole process.  Here is a link to the post on the actual yogurt making:

    http://everydayfoodstorage.net/2011/03/22/making-homemade-yogurt-from-the-powdered-milk-in-your-food-storage-powdered-milk-food-storage-recipes/food-storage-recipes

    She also talks about maknig greek style yogurt and also yogurt cheese (can be substituted in recipes that call for cream cheese, sounds interesting).  She also has a “handout” that she made that has all of the steps and tips on it:

    http://everydayfoodstorage.net/handouts/yogurt101.pdf

    Worth checking out if you want to make yogurt at home without buying expensive yogurt makers etc…

  8. Mark Stevenson says:

     The everydayfoodstorage.net blog just did a whole series on making your own yogurt in a crockpot (using food storage like dry milk etc…).  It was pretty interesting and she has videos that go through the whole process.  Here is a link to the post on the actual yogurt making:

    http://everydayfoodstorage.net/2011/03/22/making-homemade-yogurt-from-the-powdered-milk-in-your-food-storage-powdered-milk-food-storage-recipes/food-storage-recipes

    She also talks about maknig greek style yogurt and also yogurt cheese (can be substituted in recipes that call for cream cheese, sounds interesting).  She also has a “handout” that she made that has all of the steps and tips on it:

    http://everydayfoodstorage.net/handouts/yogurt101.pdf

    Worth checking out if you want to make yogurt at home without buying expensive yogurt makers etc…

  9. Bill Bumgarner (@bbum) says:

    I use a water bath (Sous Vide Professional) to maintain an exact temperature of 122ºF during the incubation. This is slightly higher than optimal for the yogurt making critters, but more than some off-flavor making common critters can survive.

    The end result is a 100% success rate at producing very evenly textured perfectly tasting yogurt.

  10. Sassy Scrubs says:

    Great post I’ll be sharing with my high school daughter who dreams of being a chef but dreads her chemistry class. I’ve been telling her that cooking is all about chemistry, but teens never believe the mom…maybe this will help. Thanks!

  11. john says:

    Back in the 70s, we added dried milk (milk powder) and it increased the density of the yogurt. Straining the whey would make it all the more dense. The longer the yogurt incubates, the more tart the result. Mild, dense yogurt requires straining the whey; thick, tart yogurt might be made with milk powder, strained in muslin, and resulting in dense clods.

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Gareth Branwyn is a freelance writer and the former Editorial Director of Maker Media. He is the author or editor of over a dozen books on technology, DIY, and geek culture. He is currently a contributor to Boing Boing, Wink Books, and Wink Fun. His free weekly-ish maker tips newsletter can be found at garstipsandtools.com.

View more articles by Gareth Branwyn

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