Use Bluetooth to Control Your Light Switch from Your Smartphone

One big problem with smart light bulbs is that the smarts are in the bulb. They don’t play nice with the light switch on the wall. In fact, you can make most smart light bulb systems unresponsive just by using your wall switch! We really need to replace the switch, not the bulb.

What Is a Smart Switch?

A smart light switch not only lets you turn the light on and off using the switch itself, but also works remotely via Bluetooth LE wireless networking, so you can control your lights using your smartphone or other mobile device. The switch should also know its current status — in other words, whether the bulb is on or off — and send a notification over Bluetooth to subscribed apps whenever the switch is toggled, so they can update their local status too.

Here’s how you can connect and configure Bluetooth control of a lamp or, really, any AC-powered device in your home or workshop, using an Arduino microcontroller as the smarts.

1. Blink an LED

Blinking an LED is the “Hello, World” of hardware — an easy test to ensure that your Arduino is set up correctly. Grab your Arduino board, a breadboard, an LED, a 220Ω resistor, and some jumper wires, and follow Massimo Banzi’s tutorial. The example code will set the Arduino’s pin 13 as HIGH for 1 second (switching the LED on) and then LOW for 1 second (off), and so on.

2. Add a pushbutton switch

Now connect the little tactile pushbutton and a 10kΩ resistor as shown in Figure A.

NOTE: What we’ve done here with the resistor is called debouncing the button. If you simply connected one side of the button to +5V and the other to pin 4 of the Arduino, then pin 4 would be floating because it’s not connected to anything. Then our code would work unreliably; sometimes it would detect button pushes that don’t exist. To avoid that, you’re using the resistor to “pull down” the pin connection to GND. Now the pin is no longer floating; instead it is pulled to a LOW state.

Download this project’s Arduino code. In the Arduino IDE, open the Library Manager and type BLEPeripheral into the search window, then select the library BLEPeripheral.h and click Install.

Next open the sketch ble-smart-switch.ino in the Arduino IDE, and upload it to your Arduino. Now your LED should turn on when you push the button, and off when you push the button again.

3. Add the Bluetooth module

A bit about Bluetooth LE: 

The Bluetooth Low Energy wireless protocol (BLE, also marketed as “Bluetooth Smart”) divides the world into peripheral devices, like sensors and speakers, and central devices, like your smartphone or laptop. Peripherals can either connect directly to a central device, or broadcast data to any device in range by sending out “advertising packets.” Once connected, the central device can get a list of services offered
by the peripheral.

So, for our Smart Light Switch, we’re going to create a BLE peripheral with a single service. Our service has two characteristics: a readable/writeable characteristic called “Switch,” which we’ll use to flip the switch on and off, and a second characteristic called “State,” which can notify us of changes in the status of the switch. Luckily every service and characteristic has its own Universally Unique Identifier (UUID) number, so we can easily plug existing BLE services right into the code for
our project.

Our service will therefore look something like this:

Optionally, we can also use descriptors — here we’ll use the Characteristic User Description (UUID 0x2901) — to provide a text description of our service to an end user.

Now that you have a working pushbutton light switch, let’s add Bluetooth LE. The Bluetooth board we’re using is the Adafruit Bluefruit LE board based around the Nordic Semiconductor nRF8001 chipset. Wire the board to the Arduino as shown in Figure B, using pin 2 for RDY and pins 9 and 10 for RST and REQ, respectively.

4. Program your smart switch

Open the Arduino sketch ble-light-with-powertail.ino and read along with the comments to see how your Smart Light Switch code will establish the service:

» Create a peripheral instance using the BLEPeripheral library.
» Create a lightswitch service with UUID of 0×FF10.
» Create the Switch and State characteristics and descriptors.

BLEPeripheral blePeripheral = BLEPeripheral (BLE_REQ, BLE_RDY, BLE_RST);
BLEService lightswitch = BLEService("FF10");
BLECharCharacteristic switchCharacteristic = BLECharCharacteristic("FF11", BLERead | BLEWrite);
BLEDescriptor switchDescriptor = BLEDescrip tor("2901", "Switch");
BLECharCharacteristic stateCharacteristic = BLECharCharacteristic("FF12", BLENotify);
BLEDescriptor stateDescriptor = BLEDescrip tor("2901", "State");

And then configure it:
» Set the Local Name (for generic Bluetooth access) and Device Name (for broadcast in the peripheral’s advertising packet).
» Add your service characteristics and descriptors as Attributes of your peripherals instance.
» Advertise the Bluetooth LE service, and poll for Bluetooth LE messages.
» Set both the switch and state to be on if the button is pushed, off if it’s released.

pinMode(LED_PIN, OUTPUT);
pinMode(BUTTON_PIN, INPUT);
blePeripheral.setLocalName("Light Switch");
blePeripheral.setDeviceName("Smart Light Switch");
blePeripheral.setAdvertisedServiceUuid(lightswitch.uuid());
blePeripheral.addAttribute(lightswitch);
blePeripheral.addAttribute(switchCharacteristic);
blePeripheral.addAttribute(switchDescrip tor);
blePeripheral.addAttribute(stateCharacteristic);
blePeripheral.addAttribute(stateDescriptor);
blePeripheral.begin();

Save and upload the sketch to the board. Now you can turn the LED on and off as normal using the button, and if you open the Serial Console you’ll see the string Smart Light Switch appear, with further messages every time you push the button to turn the LED on or off.
In addition, now you can “throw” the switch using Bluetooth LE, because we’ve assigned an event handler to be called when a write command is made on the peripheral:

switchCharacteristic.setEventHandler(BLEWritten, switchCharacteristicWritten);

And at the bottom of the sketch, after the loop( ) function, we’ve added the handler function itself. Now you can control the LED via Bluetooth LE!

5. Test your Bluetooth service

All you need now is a generic Bluetooth LE explorer app so you can examine and trigger your service. Go to your preferred app store and install LightBlue (iOS) or nRF Master Control Panel (Android) on your smartphone or tablet. The two apps present the same information in slightly different ways.

Opening either app will start it scanning for Bluetooth LE devices. You can choose a peripheral from a list of nearby devices and explore information about that connected peripheral, its services, and characteristics.

Now take a look at your Smart Light Switch in LightBlue (Figure C). Tapping through from the Smart Light Switch in the peripherals list, you can see the advertisement data for the service showing our two characteristics: Switch, which is Read/Write, and State, which is Notify. You can register the LightBlue app for notifications when the LED state changes by tapping on “Listen for notifications” in the State characteristic screen.

The Switch characteristic screen shows the current value of this characteristic, which should be 0x00, meaning the LED is off. Tap on “Write new value” to open the editor. Enter 01 and hit Done; the LED should turn on and the screen should show the new value as 0x01. If you registered for notifications, you should also see a drop-down to tell you the value has changed (Figure D).

If you have the Serial Console open you should also see the message Characteristic event: light on printed in the console. Finally, if you push the tactile button, you should see a further notification in LightBlue that the LED state has changed back to 0x00.

That’s it — you’ve created a working smart light switch!

6. Connect a real light bulb

Now connect your smart switch to an actual lamp. The PowerSwitch Tail (Figure E) simplifies our lives by hiding all that nasty AC electricity and letting us use a relay and our Arduino board to switch real mains-powered devices on and off. Nice.

Connect 3 wires to the PowerSwitch Tail’s screw terminals: the left terminal (labeled +in) is for +5V; the middle (labeled -in) is the signal wire; and the right is Ground. Then wire up the Arduino, switch, and PowerSwitch Tail as shown in Figure F.

Plug the PowerSwitch Tail into the wall, and then plug a mains-powered lamp or other electrical device (maximum draw 15A at 120V) into the PowerSwitch Tail socket.

The PowerSwitch Tail can be wired either as “normally open” or “normally closed.” From a safety perspective, it makes sense to use the normally open configuration here: Power will only flow while the signal wire from the Arduino is pulled LOW, otherwise the lamp remains “off.”

Since pulling the signal wire LOW rather than HIGH is what triggers the relay, we have to flip the logic for the LED_PIN. Go back into the code and you’ll see that everywhere there was a

digitalWrite(LED_PIN, HIGH);

we have changed it to

digitalWrite(LED_PIN, LOW);

and vice versa.

Now, instead of controlling an LED, you’re controlling a real lamp with your phone!

This project is adapted from the book Make: Bluetooth by Alasdair Allan, Don Coleman, and Sandeep Mistry, available at the Maker Shed and at fine bookstores.